UNIFORM CHILD CUSTODY JURISDICTION ACT

The purposes of the UCCJA are:

(a) To avoid jurisdiction custody conflicts between states;

(b) To promote cooperation between different states;

(c) To provide for litigation to take place in the state with the "closest connection" to the child;

(d) To discourage continuing controversy by encouraging binding decisions;

(e) To penalize parents for "abductions and other unilateral removals of children."

The UCCJA applies to custody and visitation and includes juvenile dependency, guardianship and step-parent adoptions cases. It has been adopted in every state and in the District of Columbia, but not in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Because it is a uniform act, state court interpretations may be cited as the authority. The provisions of the UCCJA apply in international custody disputes, even though foreign jurisdiction does not follow the UCCJA.

The UCCJA maintains that the child's home state or "recent home state" (the home state if not for a recent abduction) is the preferred forum to determine custody. Thus, the state can assume jurisdiction if it is now, or if it has been within six months prior to the commencement of proceedings, the child's home state.

A court may exercise jurisdiction:

• When a child and at least one contestant have a significant connection with the state and there is available in the state substantial evidence concerning the child's present or future care, protection, training and personal relationships; or
• If it is in the best interest of the child and no other state has jurisdiction, or when another state has declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that the first state is a more appropriate forum; or
• The child is physically present in the state and has been abandoned, or the child must be protected because he or she has been subjected to or threatened with mistreatment or abuse, or is otherwise neglected.